In a universe where there is so much technological advancement that interplanetary travel, terraforming/colonization of new worlds, and the ability to create god-sized robotic war machines in man's image and likeness have all been made possible:
why is there hardly any advancement in human cybernetics or artificial intellegence such as androids?
Addressing only the UC (Universal Century) universe side of things (that includes 0083, but not Gundam Wing, Endless Waltz etc; there's 7 Gundam storyverses in all, for the uninformed), this has been touched on quite a bit, though not always in animated form. The RX-78-2 (i.e. Original Gundam) has a "learning computer" that is able to record and analyse enemy combat behaviour and adjust accordingly. It's not a fully automated AI system, but you can see it being put to good use in one of the last few battles in 0079, where Amuro sets it to autopilot mode as a decoy.
The closest instance to cybernetic enhancement is probably the experimental Cyber-Newtypes —a human-engineered version of Newtypes— first seen in Zeta Gundam. (a somewhat controversial topic I won't try to explain in depth here, see
the wiki entry for a quick rundown). Combat-wise, apart from heightened instincts and "sixth-sense", the main difference between Newtypes and 'normal' pilots is their ability to use
psycommu systems, which are essentially a remote satellite control system completely controlled by the pilot's thought alone.
Cyber-Newtypes were an attempt to recreate these Newtypes under controlled conditions, but IIRC they were eventually deemed too unstable and uncontrollable (like all experimental beings in anime, heh). Instead, a quasi-psycommu system was developed instead; a psycommu system that could be used by normal humans.
The closest instance to artificial intelligence in UC Gundam is most likely in the form of an AI called ALICE, from
Gundam Sentinel, which was released only in photonovel form. I haven't read it in detail yet (good translations are hard to find), but the wiki article should cover it in sufficient detail.